尝试一下标题党 :) 所谓自我是一个很复杂的心理学概念,简单说来就是一个人对自己身份的认知的和情感的表征。有无自我意识是人和其他动物的主要区别之一。比如,人知道镜子中的图像就是自己,即使是婴儿发现镜中人脸上被画了颜色,也知道在自己脸上擦掉。而其他动物如猴子,却不能区分,甚至会去攻击镜中的影像。 人的自我是一个独特的结构,与自我有关的加工都会被易化。比如,对自我面孔的加工要快于对他人面孔的加工,对于与自我相关的记忆要好于与他人相关的记忆。但是,人的自我概念是依赖于社会情境的,如果人们对自我的概念是负性的,那么对自我面孔的加工就不会变快。内隐正联系理论 (implicit positive association theory, IPA)认为对自我面孔的加工激活了自我概念中的正性属性,因此会使被试行为表现变快。 IPA理论同样预测,如果自我概念的正性联系受到威胁,对与自我相关任务的加工优势就会消失。这里,作者研究了老板 (导师)对研究生被试的自我面孔加工的影响。为什么选择研究生和导师作为研究对象是个很有意思的问题。作者在 footnote 写到: A common belief in Chinese teachers is that most students would not develop well unless their shortcomings are uncovered frequently. Consequently, students receive more critiques than praise from their teachers. The psychological consequence of such social experience is that teachers such as advisors for each class in elementary, middle, and high schools, who frequently criticize students and remind them of their shortcomings, constitute a threat to students’ self-esteem and students care very much about